Document (#30880)

Author

David, W.

Title

¬Der Einfluss epistemologischer Überzeugungen auf Wissenserwerb

Source

Wissensorganisation und Verantwortung: Gesellschaftliche, ökonomische und technische Aspekte. Proceedings der 9. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation Duisburg, 5.-7. November 2004. Hrsg. von H.P. Ohly u.a

Imprint

Würzburg : Ergon Verlag

Year

2006

Pages

S.147-151

Series

Fortschritte in der Wissensorganisation; Bd.9

Abstract

Epistemologische Überzeugungen werden definiert als Ansichten über Wissen und Wissenserwerb (Hofer/Pintrich 1997, S.117). Didaktische Wissensorganisation versucht zwar, Wissen so zu ordnen, dass es möglichst effektiv erworben werden kann, aber der Prozess des Erwerbs von Wissen hängt zum großen Teil auch von den Überzeugungen derjenigen ab, denen das Wissen zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Ein alleiniges Organisieren von Wissen reicht daher nicht aus, um eine Rezeption zu gewährleisten. Im Hinblick auf einen adäquaten Wissenserwerb sollte daher auch eine Entwicklung epistemologischer Überzeugungen gefördert werden. Bislang wurde neben dem Begriff der Kognition auch der Begriff der Metakognition gebraucht, um zu beschreiben, welche Kompetenzen für erfolgreiches Lernen nötig sind. Epistemologische Überzeugungen werden darüber hinaus sogar als Metametakognitionen oder epistemische Kognitionen beschrieben (Kitchener, 1983). Damit ist gemeint, dass nicht nur über den je individuellen Prozess des Lernens auf der Ebene der Metakognition reflektiert werden sollte, sondern über den Charakter von Wissen und Wissenserwerb an sich. Betont werden muss dabei der inzwischen paradigmatisch gewordene konstruktivistische Charakter eines Wissensbegriffs, in dem vor allem die Kontextualität und Kontingenz von Wissen beachtet wird. In bisherigen Untersuchungen wurde anhand von Stufenmodellen eine Entwicklung von naiven Überzeugungen hin zu sophistisch-konstruktivistischen Überzeugungen festgestellt (Hofer/Pintrich 1997, 2002). Während am Anfang der Entwicklung eine dualistische Auffassung von Wissen steht, bei der nur eine Unterscheidung von wahr und unwahr oder richtig und falsch gemacht wird, setzt sich zunehmend eine relativistische Position durch, die vor allem durch die Gefahr eines radikalen Subjektivismus geprägt ist. Den meisten Modellen zufolge mündet diese Entwicklung aber manchmal in einen vermittelnden Relativismus, so dass von einer diskursiven Anerkennung bisher gesammelten Wissens gesprochen werden kann. Hier herrscht dann eine Ablehnung von einem naiven Objektivitätsbegriff vor und Wissen wird reflektierend aufgenommen. Wer nun glaubt, dass die meisten Erwachsenen in unserem Kulturkreis üblicherweise recht schnell eine solche Entwicklung durchlaufen, der sieht sich getäuscht. So wurden in den meisten Studien Collegestudierende in den USA untersucht, deren Entwicklung zum größten Teil nicht im genannten Stadium endete (Perry 1970; Hofer/Pintrich 1997). Vielmehr wurde konstatiert, dass diese Entwicklung, wenn überhaupt, in den häufigsten Fällen erst in späteren Jahren zum propagierten Endpunkt kam. Korrelationen wurden in diesem Zusammenhang dann auch vornehmlich in Bezug auf Alter und Bildungsstand ausgemacht.

Field

Erziehungswissenschaft

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5. Zemanek, M.: Was hat die Wahl des Jokers in der Millionenshow mit Informationskompetenz zu tun? : das Framework der ACRL in der Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz (2021) 0.26

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