Document (#38095)

Author

HaCohen-Kerner, Y.
Kass, A.
Peretz, A.

Title

Initialism disambiguation : man versus machine

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.10, S.2133-2148

Year

2013

Abstract

Disambiguation of ambiguous initialisms and acronyms is critical to the proper understanding of various types of texts. A model that attempts to solve this has previously been presented. This model contained various baseline features, including contextual relationship features, statistical features, and language-specific features. The domain of Jewish law documents written in Hebrew and Aramaic is known to be rich in ambiguous abbreviations and therefore this model was implemented and applied over 2 separate corpuses within this domain. Several common machine-learning (ML) methods were tested with the intent of finding a successful integration of the baseline feature variants. When the features were evaluated individually, the best averaged results were achieved by a library for support vector machines (LIBSVM); 98.07% of the ambiguous abbreviations, which were researched in the domain, were disambiguated correctly. When all the features were evaluated together, the J48 ML method achieved the best result, with 96.95% accuracy. In this paper, we examine the system's degree of success and the degree of its professionalism by conducting a comparison between this system's results and the results achieved by 39 participants, highly fluent in the research domain. Despite the fact that all the participants had backgrounds in religious scriptures and continue to study these texts, the system's accuracy rate, 98.07%, was significantly higher than the average accuracy result of the participants, 91.65%. Further analysis of the results for each corpus implies that participants overcomplicate the required task, as well as exclude vital information needed to properly examine the context of a given initialism.

Similar documents (content)

1. Franceschini, F.; Maisano, D.; Mastrogiacomo, L.: ¬A novel approach for estimating the omitted-citation rate of bibliometric databases with an application to the field of bibliometrics (2013) 2.81

   2.8109124 = sum of:
     2.8109124 = sum of:
       0.10122056 = weight(abstract_txt:averaged in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.10122056 = score(doc=1097,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.1773478 = queryWeight, product of:
             9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5707461 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.10122056 = weight(abstract_txt:exclude in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.10122056 = score(doc=1097,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.1773478 = queryWeight, product of:
             9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5707461 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.131938 = idf(docFreq=12, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.1039056 = weight(abstract_txt:fluent in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.1039056 = score(doc=1097,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.18047038 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0087651 = boost
             9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5757488 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.211981 = idf(docFreq=11, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.123232245 = weight(abstract_txt:professionalism in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.123232245 = score(doc=1097,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.202207 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0677884 = boost
             9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.6094361 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             9.7509775 = idf(docFreq=6, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.047446698 = weight(abstract_txt:best in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.047446698 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.10701647 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.0985692 = boost
             5.0160327 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.44335884 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             5.0160327 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.049942147 = weight(abstract_txt:result in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.049942147 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.11073667 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.1175008 = boost
             5.1024737 = idf(docFreq=730, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.4509992 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             5.1024737 = idf(docFreq=730, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.054986443 = weight(abstract_txt:examine in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.054986443 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.11807294 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.1539242 = boost
             5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.46569893 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             5.268782 = idf(docFreq=618, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.039097324 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.039097324 = score(doc=1097,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.1185099 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.1560575 = boost
             5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.32990766 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.067959614 = weight(abstract_txt:texts in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.067959614 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.13598172 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.238347 = boost
             5.6542544 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.4997702 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             5.6542544 = idf(docFreq=420, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.06813147 = weight(abstract_txt:degree in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.06813147 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.13621087 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.23939 = boost
             5.659016 = idf(docFreq=418, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5001911 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             5.659016 = idf(docFreq=418, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.070284195 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluated in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.070284195 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.13906518 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.2523084 = boost
             5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5054047 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.04374719 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.04374719 = score(doc=1097,freq=3.0), product of:
           0.1013787 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.3095471 = boost
             3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.4315225 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
               3.0 = termFreq=3.0
             3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.12182167 = weight(abstract_txt:baseline in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.12182167 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.200661 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.504297 = boost
             6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.60710186 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.04490701 = weight(abstract_txt:results in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.04490701 = score(doc=1097,freq=4.0), product of:
           0.103162706 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.5253814 = boost
             3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.43530276 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
               4.0 = termFreq=4.0
             3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.027446577 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.027446577 = score(doc=1097,freq=6.0), product of:
           0.07429714 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.5854362 = boost
             2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.36941636 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
               6.0 = termFreq=6.0
             2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.10513075 = weight(abstract_txt:disambiguation in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.10513075 = score(doc=1097,freq=1.0), product of:
           0.22916228 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.607584 = boost
             7.3401785 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.45876116 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
               1.0 = termFreq=1.0
             7.3401785 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.25206554 = weight(abstract_txt:abbreviations in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.25206554 = score(doc=1097,freq=2.0), product of:
           0.3258284 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.9168873 = boost
             8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.7736144 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
               2.0 = termFreq=2.0
             8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.14695805 = weight(abstract_txt:accuracy in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.14695805 = score(doc=1097,freq=3.0), product of:
           0.2273922 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.9612615 = boost
             5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.6462757 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
               3.0 = termFreq=3.0
             5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.14966916 = weight(abstract_txt:achieved in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.14966916 = score(doc=1097,freq=3.0), product of:
           0.23018031 = queryWeight, product of:
             1.9732487 = boost
             6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.6502257 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
               3.0 = termFreq=3.0
             6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.11292564 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.11292564 = score(doc=1097,freq=4.0), product of:
           0.19076923 = queryWeight, product of:
             2.0742986 = boost
             4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5919489 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
               4.0 = termFreq=4.0
             4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.2432619 = weight(abstract_txt:system's in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.2432619 = score(doc=1097,freq=3.0), product of:
           0.31819695 = queryWeight, product of:
             2.3200414 = boost
             7.062158 = idf(docFreq=102, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.76450104 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
               3.0 = termFreq=3.0
             7.062158 = idf(docFreq=102, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.16407439 = weight(abstract_txt:participants in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.16407439 = score(doc=1097,freq=4.0), product of:
           0.24472246 = queryWeight, product of:
             2.349384 = boost
             5.3636074 = idf(docFreq=562, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.6704509 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
               4.0 = termFreq=4.0
             5.3636074 = idf(docFreq=562, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.09656675 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.09656675 = score(doc=1097,freq=6.0), product of:
           0.17186931 = queryWeight, product of:
             2.411359 = boost
             3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.5618615 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
               6.0 = termFreq=6.0
             3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.29221424 = weight(abstract_txt:ambiguous in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.29221424 = score(doc=1097,freq=3.0), product of:
           0.35956788 = queryWeight, product of:
             2.4662561 = boost
             7.5072327 = idf(docFreq=65, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.81268173 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
               3.0 = termFreq=3.0
             7.5072327 = idf(docFreq=65, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
       0.18269677 = weight(abstract_txt:features in 1097) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
         0.18269677 = score(doc=1097,freq=6.0), product of:
           0.26290601 = queryWeight, product of:
             2.98238 = boost
             4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
             0.019420609 = queryNorm
           0.69491285 = fieldWeight in 1097, product of:
             2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
               6.0 = termFreq=6.0
             4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
             0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=1097)
   

2. HaCohen-Kerner, Y.; Kass, A.; Peretz, A.: HAADS: a Hebrew Aramaic abbreviation disambiguation system (2010) 0.66

   0.6625618 = sum of:
     0.6625618 = product of:
       1.380337 = sum of:
         0.04193735 = weight(abstract_txt:best in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04193735 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.10701647 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0985692 = boost
               5.0160327 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.39187756 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.0160327 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.044143043 = weight(abstract_txt:result in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.044143043 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11073667 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1175008 = boost
               5.1024737 = idf(docFreq=730, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.39863077 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.1024737 = idf(docFreq=730, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.048871655 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.048871655 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1185099 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1560575 = boost
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.41238457 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.15227708 = weight(abstract_txt:baseline in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15227708 = score(doc=3990,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.200661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.504297 = boost
               6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.75887734 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.014006273 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.014006273 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07429714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5854362 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.18851699 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.31508192 = weight(abstract_txt:abbreviations in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.31508192 = score(doc=3990,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.3258284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9168873 = boost
               8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.967018 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.10605784 = weight(abstract_txt:accuracy in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10605784 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2273922 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9612615 = boost
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.46640933 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.108014405 = weight(abstract_txt:achieved in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.108014405 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23018031 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9732487 = boost
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.46925998 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.07057852 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07057852 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19076923 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0742986 = boost
               4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.3699681 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.049279008 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049279008 = score(doc=3990,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17186931 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.411359 = boost
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.28672373 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.29823992 = weight(abstract_txt:ambiguous in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.29823992 = score(doc=3990,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.35956788 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4662561 = boost
               7.5072327 = idf(docFreq=65, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.8294398 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               7.5072327 = idf(docFreq=65, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
         0.13185003 = weight(abstract_txt:features in 3990) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.13185003 = score(doc=3990,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26290601 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.98238 = boost
               4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.50151014 = fieldWeight in 3990, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=3990)
       0.48 = coord(12/25)
   

3. Li, C.; Sun, A.: Extracting fine-grained location with temporal awareness in tweets : a two-stage approach (2017) 0.27

   0.2713491 = sum of:
     0.2713491 = product of:
       0.67837274 = sum of:
         0.041515857 = weight(abstract_txt:best in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041515857 = score(doc=3686,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.10701647 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0985692 = boost
               5.0160327 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.38793898 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.0160327 = idf(docFreq=796, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.043486126 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluated in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043486126 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13906518 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2523084 = boost
               5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.3127032 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.02210027 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.02210027 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.1013787 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3095471 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.21799716 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.10659396 = weight(abstract_txt:baseline in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.10659396 = score(doc=3686,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.200661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.504297 = boost
               6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.5312141 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.019646818 = weight(abstract_txt:results in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.019646818 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.103162706 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5253814 = boost
               3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.19044496 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.009804391 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009804391 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07429714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5854362 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.1319619 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.091989405 = weight(abstract_txt:disambiguation in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.091989405 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.22916228 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.607584 = boost
               7.3401785 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.401416 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.3401785 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.1559576 = weight(abstract_txt:abbreviations in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.1559576 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.3258284 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9168873 = boost
               8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.4786495 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               8.752448 = idf(docFreq=18, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.07424049 = weight(abstract_txt:accuracy in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07424049 = score(doc=3686,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2273922 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9612615 = boost
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.32648653 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
         0.113037854 = weight(abstract_txt:features in 3686) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.113037854 = score(doc=3686,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.26290601 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.98238 = boost
               4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.42995536 = fieldWeight in 3686, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3686)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)
   

4. Liu, W.; Dog(an, R.I.; Kim, S.; Comeau, D.C.; Kim, W.; Yeganova, L.; Lu, Z.; Wilbur, W.J.: Author name disambiguation for PubMed (2014) 0.25

   0.24842227 = sum of:
     0.24842227 = product of:
       0.6900618 = sum of:
         0.04838047 = weight(abstract_txt:machine in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.04838047 = score(doc=1240,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1185099 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1560575 = boost
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.4082399 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.2785225 = idf(docFreq=612, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.043486126 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluated in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043486126 = score(doc=1240,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13906518 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2523084 = boost
               5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.3127032 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.039293636 = weight(abstract_txt:results in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.039293636 = score(doc=1240,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.103162706 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5253814 = boost
               3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.38088992 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.009804391 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.009804391 = score(doc=1240,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07429714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5854362 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.1319619 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.15933032 = weight(abstract_txt:disambiguation in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.15933032 = score(doc=1240,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.22916228 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.607584 = boost
               7.3401785 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.6952729 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               7.3401785 = idf(docFreq=77, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.07424049 = weight(abstract_txt:accuracy in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07424049 = score(doc=1240,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2273922 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9612615 = boost
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.32648653 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.07561009 = weight(abstract_txt:achieved in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07561009 = score(doc=1240,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.23018031 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9732487 = boost
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.328482 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.006528 = idf(docFreq=295, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.14762123 = weight(abstract_txt:ambiguous in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.14762123 = score(doc=1240,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.35956788 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4662561 = boost
               7.5072327 = idf(docFreq=65, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.4105518 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               7.5072327 = idf(docFreq=65, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
         0.09229502 = weight(abstract_txt:features in 1240) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09229502 = score(doc=1240,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.26290601 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.98238 = boost
               4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.35105708 = fieldWeight in 1240, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.5391517 = idf(docFreq=1283, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1240)
       0.36 = coord(9/25)
   

5. Sah, M.; Wade, V.: Personalized concept-based search on the Linked Open Data (2015) 0.20

   0.20434959 = sum of:
     0.20434959 = product of:
       0.510874 = sum of:
         0.03090013 = weight(abstract_txt:result in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03090013 = score(doc=2511,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11073667 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1175008 = boost
               5.1024737 = idf(docFreq=730, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.27904153 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.1024737 = idf(docFreq=730, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.06149867 = weight(abstract_txt:evaluated in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06149867 = score(doc=2511,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.13906518 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2523084 = boost
               5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.44222912 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.7180014 = idf(docFreq=394, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.0312545 = weight(abstract_txt:model in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0312545 = score(doc=2511,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.1013787 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3095471 = boost
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.30829453 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               3.986234 = idf(docFreq=2231, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.075373314 = weight(abstract_txt:baseline in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.075373314 = score(doc=2511,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.200661 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.504297 = boost
               6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.37562513 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.8685737 = idf(docFreq=124, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.06805857 = weight(abstract_txt:results in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06805857 = score(doc=2511,freq=12.0), product of:
             0.103162706 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5253814 = boost
               3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.6597207 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                 12.0 = termFreq=12.0
               3.482422 = idf(docFreq=3693, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.0138655035 = weight(abstract_txt:this in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0138655035 = score(doc=2511,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.07429714 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.5854362 = boost
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.1866223 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               2.4130175 = idf(docFreq=10762, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.07424049 = weight(abstract_txt:accuracy in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.07424049 = score(doc=2511,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.2273922 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.9612615 = boost
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.32648653 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9700394 = idf(docFreq=306, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.049404968 = weight(abstract_txt:domain in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.049404968 = score(doc=2511,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19076923 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.0742986 = boost
               4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.25897765 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.7355914 = idf(docFreq=1054, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.071782544 = weight(abstract_txt:participants in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.071782544 = score(doc=2511,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.24472246 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.349384 = boost
               5.3636074 = idf(docFreq=562, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.29332227 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.3636074 = idf(docFreq=562, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
         0.03449531 = weight(abstract_txt:were in 2511) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03449531 = score(doc=2511,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.17186931 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.411359 = boost
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.019420609 = queryNorm
             0.20070662 = fieldWeight in 2511, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6700637 = idf(docFreq=3061, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2511)
       0.4 = coord(10/25)