Document (#43162)

Author

Badia, A.

Title

¬The information manifold : why computers cannot solve algorithmic bias and fake news

Imprint

Cambridge, UK : MIT Press

Year

2019

Pages

xvii, 334 S

Isbn

978-0-262-04303-8

Series

History and foundations of information science

Abstract

An argument that information exists at different levels of analysis-syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic-and an exploration of the implications. Although this is the Information Age, there is no universal agreement about what information really is. Different disciplines view information differently; engineers, computer scientists, economists, linguists, and philosophers all take varying and apparently disconnected approaches. In this book, Antonio Badia distinguishes four levels of analysis brought to bear on information: syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and network-based. Badia explains each of these theoretical approaches in turn, discussing, among other topics, theories of Claude Shannon and Andrey Kolomogorov, Fred Dretske's description of information flow, and ideas on receiver impact and informational interactions. Badia argues that all these theories describe the same phenomena from different perspectives, each one narrower than the previous one. The syntactic approach is the more general one, but it fails to specify when information is meaningful to an agent, which is the focus of the semantic and pragmatic approaches. The network-based approach, meanwhile, provides a framework to understand information use among agents. Badia then explores the consequences of understanding information as existing at several levels. Humans live at the semantic and pragmatic level (and at the network level as a society), computers at the syntactic level. This sheds light on some recent issues, including "fake news" (computers cannot tell whether a statement is true or not, because truth is a semantic notion) and "algorithmic bias" (a pragmatic, not syntactic concern). Humans, not computers, the book argues, have the ability to solve these issues.

Content

Introduction -- Information as codes : Shannon, Kolmogorov and the start of it all -- Information as content : semantics, possible worlds and all that jazz -- Information as pragmatics : impact and consequences -- Information as communication : networks and the phenomenon of emergence -- Will the real information please stand up? -- Is Shannon's theory a theory of information? -- Computers and information I : what can computers do? -- Computers and information II : machine learning, big data and algorithic bias -- Humans and information --Conclusions : where from here?

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 72(2021) no.3, S.357-361. (Marc Kosciejew)

Field

Informatik
Kommunikationswissenschaften

LCSH

Information science / Philosophy
Communication / Philosophy
Information theory

RSWK

Massenmedien / Soziologie
Informationsbeschaffung / Falschmeldung

BK

05.31 Öffentlichkeit Kommunikationswissenschaft

DDC

020

LCC

Z665

Similar documents (content)

1. Murphy, M.L.: Semantic relations and the lexicon : antonymy, synonymy and other paradigms (2008) 0.21

   0.21067287 = sum of:
     0.21067287 = product of:
       0.65835273 = sum of:
         0.0146092465 = weight(abstract_txt:these in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.0146092465 = score(doc=997,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05865457 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0285403 = boost
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.24907261 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.034423597 = weight(abstract_txt:book in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.034423597 = score(doc=997,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.090731286 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0444876 = boost
               4.856341 = idf(docFreq=934, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.37940162 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.856341 = idf(docFreq=934, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.06312975 = weight(abstract_txt:argues in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06312975 = score(doc=997,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13593844 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2784858 = boost
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.46439958 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9443145 = idf(docFreq=314, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.06384846 = weight(abstract_txt:cannot in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06384846 = score(doc=997,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.13696823 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2833191 = boost
               5.9667873 = idf(docFreq=307, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.46615526 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.9667873 = idf(docFreq=307, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.06841918 = weight(abstract_txt:philosophy in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06841918 = score(doc=997,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.14342938 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.3132391 = boost
               6.1059003 = idf(docFreq=267, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.47702345 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.1059003 = idf(docFreq=267, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.06240332 = weight(abstract_txt:approaches in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06240332 = score(doc=997,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.122558974 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.486767 = boost
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.50916976 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.09518429 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.09518429 = score(doc=997,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.19254537 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4058099 = boost
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.49434733 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
         0.25633484 = weight(abstract_txt:pragmatic in 997) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.25633484 = score(doc=997,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.46957466 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.757051 = boost
               6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.5458873 = fieldWeight in 997, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=997)
       0.32 = coord(8/25)
   

2. Vilares, J.; Alonso, M.A.; Vilares, M.: Extraction of complex index terms in non-English IR : a shallow parsing based approach (2008) 0.17

   0.1672641 = sum of:
     0.1672641 = product of:
       0.5973718 = sum of:
         0.011687397 = weight(abstract_txt:these in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011687397 = score(doc=2107,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05865457 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0285403 = boost
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.19925809 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
         0.017762756 = weight(abstract_txt:different in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.017762756 = score(doc=2107,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07753484 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1825482 = boost
               3.6655018 = idf(docFreq=3075, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.22909386 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6655018 = idf(docFreq=3075, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
         0.06666669 = weight(abstract_txt:solve in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06666669 = score(doc=2107,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.16358075 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4024612 = boost
               6.5207376 = idf(docFreq=176, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.4075461 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5207376 = idf(docFreq=176, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
         0.05684813 = weight(abstract_txt:level in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.05684813 = score(doc=2107,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.11675093 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4511108 = boost
               4.497956 = idf(docFreq=1337, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.486918 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               4.497956 = idf(docFreq=1337, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
         0.03530065 = weight(abstract_txt:approaches in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03530065 = score(doc=2107,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.122558974 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.486767 = boost
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.2880299 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
         0.035455707 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.035455707 = score(doc=2107,freq=3.0), product of:
             0.13528833 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1241405 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.26207513 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:
                 3.0 = termFreq=3.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
         0.3736505 = weight(abstract_txt:syntactic in 2107) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.3736505 = score(doc=2107,freq=5.0), product of:
             0.40966287 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.5091996 = boost
               6.5264034 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.9120926 = fieldWeight in 2107, product of:
               2.236068 = tf(freq=5.0), with freq of:
                 5.0 = termFreq=5.0
               6.5264034 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=2107)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

3. Noeh, W.: Charles S. Peirce's theory of information : a theory of the growth of symbols and of knowledge (2012) 0.16

   0.16282335 = sum of:
     0.16282335 = product of:
       0.581512 = sum of:
         0.011687397 = weight(abstract_txt:these in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011687397 = score(doc=3101,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05865457 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0285403 = boost
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.19925809 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
         0.017762756 = weight(abstract_txt:different in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.017762756 = score(doc=3101,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.07753484 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.1825482 = boost
               3.6655018 = idf(docFreq=3075, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.22909386 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.6655018 = idf(docFreq=3075, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
         0.061315075 = weight(abstract_txt:theories in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.061315075 = score(doc=3101,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.12278946 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2150812 = boost
               5.649515 = idf(docFreq=422, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.4993513 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               5.649515 = idf(docFreq=422, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
         0.053844366 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.053844366 = score(doc=3101,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19254537 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4058099 = boost
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.2796451 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
         0.06473297 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06473297 = score(doc=3101,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.13528833 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1241405 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.47848153 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
         0.16710158 = weight(abstract_txt:syntactic in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16710158 = score(doc=3101,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.40966287 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.5091996 = boost
               6.5264034 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.4079002 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5264034 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
         0.20506787 = weight(abstract_txt:pragmatic in 3101) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20506787 = score(doc=3101,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.46957466 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.757051 = boost
               6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.43670982 = fieldWeight in 3101, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=3101)
       0.28 = coord(7/25)
   

4. Johnson, F.C.: ¬A natural language understanding system for reference resolution in information dialogues (1996) 0.15

   0.14948411 = sum of:
     0.14948411 = product of:
       0.74742055 = sum of:
         0.041026603 = weight(abstract_txt:level in 6968) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.041026603 = score(doc=6968,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.11675093 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.4511108 = boost
               4.497956 = idf(docFreq=1337, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.3514028 = fieldWeight in 6968, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.497956 = idf(docFreq=1337, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6968)
         0.06730546 = weight(abstract_txt:semantic in 6968) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06730546 = score(doc=6968,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.19254537 = queryWeight, product of:
               2.4058099 = boost
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.34955636 = fieldWeight in 6968, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.4743214 = idf(docFreq=1369, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6968)
         0.06769935 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 6968) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.06769935 = score(doc=6968,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.13528833 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1241405 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.50040793 = fieldWeight in 6968, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6968)
         0.20887698 = weight(abstract_txt:syntactic in 6968) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.20887698 = score(doc=6968,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.40966287 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.5091996 = boost
               6.5264034 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.5098753 = fieldWeight in 6968, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               6.5264034 = idf(docFreq=175, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6968)
         0.36251217 = weight(abstract_txt:pragmatic in 6968) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.36251217 = score(doc=6968,freq=2.0), product of:
             0.46957466 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.757051 = boost
               6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.77200115 = fieldWeight in 6968, product of:
               1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                 2.0 = termFreq=2.0
               6.987357 = idf(docFreq=110, maxDocs=44218)
               0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=6968)
       0.2 = coord(5/25)
   

5. Singh, V.K.; Ghosh, I.; Sonagara, D.: Detecting fake news stories via multimodal analysis (2021) 0.15

   0.14706801 = sum of:
     0.14706801 = product of:
       0.6127834 = sum of:
         0.011687397 = weight(abstract_txt:these in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.011687397 = score(doc=88,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.05865457 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.0285403 = boost
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.19925809 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               3.1881294 = idf(docFreq=4957, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
         0.043356307 = weight(abstract_txt:theories in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.043356307 = score(doc=88,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.12278946 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2150812 = boost
               5.649515 = idf(docFreq=422, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.3530947 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               5.649515 = idf(docFreq=422, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
         0.16073932 = weight(abstract_txt:news in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.16073932 = score(doc=88,freq=10.0), product of:
             0.13652357 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.2812344 = boost
               5.957094 = idf(docFreq=310, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             1.1773741 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
               3.1622777 = tf(freq=10.0), with freq of:
                 10.0 = termFreq=10.0
               5.957094 = idf(docFreq=310, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
         0.03530065 = weight(abstract_txt:approaches in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.03530065 = score(doc=88,freq=1.0), product of:
             0.122558974 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.486767 = boost
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.2880299 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
               1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:
                 1.0 = termFreq=1.0
               4.6084785 = idf(docFreq=1197, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
         0.32075903 = weight(abstract_txt:fake in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.32075903 = score(doc=88,freq=7.0), product of:
             0.24371344 = queryWeight, product of:
               1.7118452 = boost
               7.9592175 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             1.3161318 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
               2.6457512 = tf(freq=7.0), with freq of:
                 7.0 = termFreq=7.0
               7.9592175 = idf(docFreq=41, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
         0.040940724 = weight(abstract_txt:information in 88) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
           0.040940724 = score(doc=88,freq=4.0), product of:
             0.13528833 = queryWeight, product of:
               3.1241405 = boost
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.017887292 = queryNorm
             0.3026183 = fieldWeight in 88, product of:
               2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                 4.0 = termFreq=4.0
               2.4209464 = idf(docFreq=10677, maxDocs=44218)
               0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=88)
       0.24 = coord(6/25)