Document (#43361)

Author

Riesman, D.
Denney, R.
Glazer, N.

Title

¬Die einsame Masse : eine Untersuchung der Wandlungen des amerikanischen Charakters

Issue

Aus d. Amerikan. übertr. von Renate Rausch. Mit einer Einführung von Helmut Schelsky.

Imprint

Hamburg : Rowohlt

Year

1962

Pages

340 S

Series

Rowohlts deutsche Enzyklopädie; 72/73

Abstract

Aus Rez. der FAZ: Der Autor und seine beiden Mitarbeiter hatten sich vorgenommen, einen Strukturwandel in den Grundlagen des "sozialen Charakters", den sie heute in Amerika in steigendem Maße beobachten, darzustellen. Das geschieht vor der Folie eines beinahe schon historischen Rückblicks auf das, was man bisher die moderne Gesellschaft genannt hat. Sie ist geschaffen worden durch Renaissance und Reformation, durch die industrielle Expansion und die politischen Revolutionen der btzten drei Jahrhunderte. Für Riesman gehört dieses Zeitalter heute der Vergangenheit an. Er weiß natürlich genau, daß es de facto noch sehr lebendig ist und niemals ganz ausgelöscht werden wird, aber nach seiner Meinung "beginnt in den fortgeschrittenen Ländern der Erde, insbesondere in Amerika, bereits eine andere Revolution", die mit einer Reihe neuer sozialer Entwicklungen "und dem Uebergang aus dem Zeitalter der Produktion in das Zeitalter des Konsums verbunden ist". Riesman unterscheidet drei Stadien der sozialen Entwicklung seit dem Mittelalter. Sie lassen sich schematisch festlegen durch den Verlauf der Bevölkerungskurve: In ihrer mittelalterlichen Phase war sie gekennzeichnet durch hohen Bevölkerungsumsatz bei gleichbleibender Gesamtzahl. Mit der Bevölkerungswelle, das heißt der plötzlichen Vergrößerung der Einwohnerzahlen in Europa, treten wir in die Neuzeit ein. Die Gegenwart weist sica durch beginnende Bevölkerungsschrumpfung aus.
Jedem der drei Stadien der Bevölkerungskurve entspricht ein bestimmter sozialer Charakter, der die Verhaltenssicherheit der Menschen bestimmt. In der Periode des hohen Bevölkerungsumsatzes wurde das soziale Dasein durch traditionelle Normen stabilisiert, die von Generation zu Generation weitergegeben werden konnten. Riesman nennt die Menschen der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft deshalb traditionsgeleitet. Im Stadium der Expansion wurden die traditionellen Normen abgebaut. Jede neue Generation sah sich Fragen gegenüber, die mit dem überlieferten sozialen Vorstellungskanon der vorangegangenen Generation nicht mehr bewältigt werden konnten. Die Verhaltenssicherheit mußte auf andere Weise gewährleistet werden. Es geschah schließlich dadurch, daß sich die Individuen in der Geseilschaft der Bevölkerungswelle "frühzeitig ein Schema, von verinnerlichten Lebenszielen aneigneten". Sie erhielten keine Anweisungen mehr für die jeweilige konkrete Situation, weil sie unvorhersehbar geworden war, sondern nur noch bestimmte prinzipielle Leitvorstellungen. Riesman gebraucht dafür das Bild vom Kreiselkompaß im Innern des Individuums und nennt diese Form des sozialen Charakters innengeleitet.
Mit dem Eintritt in die Phase der Bevölkerungsschrumpfung macht die Innen-Lenkung immer mehr einem neuen Bezugshorizont Platz, der Außen-Lenkung. Die Menschen dieser Phase, in die Amerika gerade eingetreten ist, orientieren sich nicht mehr an einem verinnerlichten Wertsystem, sondern an den Erwartungen und Wünschen der anderen. Sie zeigen sich außerordentlich empfänglich für die wechselnden Signale in ihrer Umwelt und sind ängstlich darauf bedacht, ihr. Leben kooperativ und konform mit der Gruppe, in der sie leben, zu verbringen. Das Orientierungsorgan in dieser Zeit ist nicht mehr der Kreiselkompaß, sondern das Radargerät. Das ist die Stunde der.Konsumgesellschaft! Der neue Verhaltenstyp tritt besonders im gehobenen Mittelstand der Städte in Erscheinung, eher in den Großstädten übrigens als ■in kleinen Orten. Riesman beschränkt sich im Rahmen seiner Untersuchung darauf, ihn vorerst als ein wesentlich amerikanisches Phänomen zu beschreiben, aber es kann kein Zweifel darüber bestehen, daß er sich auch bei uns ankündigt. Sein Auftreten ist eine Folge der äußersten Perfektion in der industriellen Produktion und der immer schneller werdenden Umsetzung modischer Parolen jeder Art durch die Massenmedien. Automation und Mechanisierung führen schon heute auf den Punkt, an dem das Warenangebot so groß wird, daß nicht mehr die Produktion, sondern der abschöpfende Konsum zur volkswirtschaftlichen Pflicht erklärt werden muß.
Die Beschäftigtenziffern in den Grundstoffindustrien gehen zurück, während die Dienstleistungsberufe auf allen Gebieten großen Zulauf erfahren. Das hat zur Folge, daß das Feld der sozialen Kontakte sich unaufhörlich verbreitert, während die Massenmedien gleichzeitig für die Sozialisierung der Erlebnisse und der Konsumwünsche sorgen. Der außengeleitete Verhaltenstyp hat zwei Verpflichtungen: von den anderen wohlgelitten zu sein und zu beweisen, daß er seiner Konsumentenaufgabe gewachsen ist. An ihnen hat er schwer zu tragen, viel schwerer, als es aussieht. "Unter dem Zwang, mit einer Vielzahl von Menschen verkehren, sie für sich gewinnen und beeinflussen zu müssen, behandelt der außengeleitete Mensch alle anderen Menschen wie Kunden, die immer recht haben. Die verschiedenen Rollen, die er infolgedessen den verschiedenen Kunden gegenüber anzunehmen hat, sind aber nun weder institutionalisiert noch klar voneinander abgesetzt. Das kann dazu führen, daß der außengeleitete Mensch nicht viel mehr ist als die Abfolge verschiedener Rollen und Begegnungen mit anderen und schließlich nicht mehr weiß, wer er eigentlich und wirklich ist und was mit ihm geschieht." Damit schließt sich dann der Kreis, denn nun befindet er selbst sich im idealen Zustand des Kunden: nur noch Empfänglichkeit für die Angebote seiner Umwelt zu sein."

Footnote

Originaltitel: The lonely crowd

Field

Soziologie

RSWK

USA / Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung / Sozialisation / Sozialverhalten

BK

71.11 Gesellschaft Soziologie
71.12 Soziale Stratifikation soziale Mobilität
71.13 Soziales Milieu
71.30 Soziale Gruppen: Allgemeines
71.41 Sozialer Wandel

SBB

Soz B 91 / Masse
USA / Soz B 91 Masse

LCC

BF755.A5

RVK

MS 1280
BL 5840
AP 12900
CV 7500
CC 7750
MS 1240
MS 1235
HD 370

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4. Fraser, N.: Soziale Gerechtigkeit in der Wissensgesellschaft : Umverteilung, Anerkennung und Teilhabe (2002) 0.23

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5. Steinbuch, K.: Maßlos informiert : die Enteignung des Denkens (1978) 0.22

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